Acknowledgements

The making of this report was led by Future Earth, The Earth League, and the World Climate Research Programme. 

We acknowledge the work of the following individuals in their respective capacities:


EDITORIAL BOARD

Ana Bastos – Leipzig University, Germany
Wendy Broadgate – Future Earth Secretariat, Sweden
Deliang Chen – Tsinghua University, China
Lijing Cheng – Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Kristie L. Ebi – University of Washington, United States
Pierre Friedlingstein – University of Exeter, United Kingdom
Sabine Fuss – Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Germany; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
Nicolas Gruber – ETH Zurich, Switzerland
Marina Hirota – Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil
Fumiko Kasuga – Future Earth Secretariat, Japan
Şiir Kılkış – Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK), Türkiye; Middle East Technical University, Türkiye
Shih-Yu Lee – Academia Sinica, Taiwan
Carlos R.S. Milani – Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Rachid Mrabet – INRA Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Morocco
Timothy Naish – World Climate Research Programme, Switzerland; Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
Naghmeh Nasiritousi – Linköping University, Sweden; Swedish Institute of International Affairs, Sweden
Prabir K. Patra – JAMSTEC Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan
Åsa Persson – KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden (until September, 2026)
Anjal Prakash – FLAME University, India
Johan Rockström – Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Germany; University of Potsdam, Germany
Joyashree Roy – Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
Bjørn H. Samset – CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Norway
Roberto Sanchez-Rodriguez – El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, Mexico
Peter Schlosser – Arizona State University, United States
Youba Sokona – African Climate Policy Centre, Mali


EDITOR-COORDINATORS

Paula Mirazo – Arizona State University, United States
Daniel Ospina – Future Earth Secretariat, Sweden

CHAPTER AUTHORS

INSIGHT 1
Thorsten Mauritsen – Stockholm University, Sweden
Gunnar Myhre – CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Norway
Yuying Pan – Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Kevin Trenberth – National Center for Atmospheric Research, United States; University of Auckland, New Zealand
Insight Coordinator
Freya Muir – Future Earth Secretariat, Sweden; European Space Agency, United Kingdom


INSIGHT 2
Tim van den Akker – Stockholm University, Sweden
Ines Dussaillant – University of Zurich, Switzerland
Deron Maitland – University of the West Indies, Jamaica
Alexander Nauels – International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Austria; The University of Melbourne, Australia
Insight Coordinator
Lila Warszawski – Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Germany


INSIGHT 3
Liangzhi Chen – Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research WSL, Switzerland
James S. Famiglietti – Arizona State University, United States
Lorenzo Rosa – Carnegie Institution for Science, United States
Insight Coordinator
Maria A. Martin – Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Germany


INSIGHT 4
Mitchell Dickau – Concordia University, Canada
Damon Matthews – Concordia University, Canada
Andy Reisinger – Australian National University, Australia
Andreas Schwarz Meyer – University of Cape Town, South Africa
Emily Theokritoff – Imperial College London, United Kingdom
Insight Coordinator
Camilo Alejo – Future Earth Secretariat, Canada; Sustainability in the Digital Age, Canada; Concordia University, Canada


INSIGHT 5
Jessica Fanzo – Johns Hopkins University SAIS Europe, Italy
Vartika Singh – International Food Policy Research Institute, India
Marco Springmann – University of Oxford, United Kingdom; University College London, United Kingdom
Benjamin L. Bodirsky – Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Germany
Insight Coordinator
Ramita Thawonmas – Nagasaki University, Japan


INSIGHT 6
Bernardo A. Bastien-Olvera – Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
Aleksandra Friedl – ifo Institute – Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, Germany
Timothy Neal – University of New South Wales, Australia
Jonghyun Yoo – Seoul National University, South Korea
Insight Coordinator
Aaron Redman – Arizona State University, United States; Aalborg University, Denmark


INSIGHT 7
Christopher W. Callahan – Indiana University, United States
Joyce Kimutai – Imperial College London, United Kingdom
L. Delta Merner – Union of Concerned Scientists, United States
Yann Quilcaille – ETH Zurich, Switzerland
Rupert F. Stuart-Smith – University of Oxford, United Kingdom
Insight Coordinator
Henry Wu – Climate Service Center Germany (GERICS) Helmholtz-Zentrum hereon GmbH, Germany


INSIGHT 8
Rafael Leal-Arcas – Alfaisal University, Saudi Arabia
Jean-Frédéric Morin – Université Laval, Canada
Paola Rocchi – CMCC Foundation – Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change, Italy; RFF-CMCC European Institute on Economics and the Environment, Italy
Insight Coordinator
Paula Mirazo – Arizona State University, United States


INSIGHT 9
Christian Downie – Australian National University, Australia
Benjamin Franta – University of Oxford, United Kingdom
Jennifer Jacquet – University of Miami, United States
Lluis de Nadal – University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
Insight Coordinator
Daniel Ospina – Future Earth Secretariat, Sweden


INSIGHT 10
Roxana Andrei – University Institute of Lisbon – ISCTE, Portugal
Franziska M. Hoffart – SOFI Göttingen e.V., University of Göttingen, Germany; Kassel Institute for Sustainability, University of Kassel, Germany; DIW Berlin, Germany
Insight Coordinator
Sophie H. L. Su – Future Earth Secretariat, Taiwan

POLICY REVIEWERS
Roberta Boscolo – World Meteorological Organization, Switzerland
Alexandra Buylova – The Swedish Institute of International Affairs, Sweden
Felix Dodds – University of North Carolina, United States
Axel Eriksson – Stockholm Resilience Centre, Sweden

1

Ocean heat content keeps climbing as Earth’s energy imbalance grows

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2

Sea level rise in a warming world: Acceleration, ice mass loss, and long-term commitment

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3

Water gaps widen as continental drying accelerates

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4

A larger overshoot of 1.5°C forces greater reliance on CO₂ removals and narrows adaptation options

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5

Bundled interventions can transform food systems for health and planetary stability

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6

The social cost of carbon has been severely underestimated

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7

Advances in attribution science demonstrate individual emitters’ climate impacts

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8

Climate clubs can limit carbon leakage, but fairness shapes their feasibility and effectiveness

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9

Organised obstruction prevents effective climate policy through denial, delay, dilution, and distraction

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10

Just energy transition threatened by geopolitical risks and fragmentation

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