2025 References

Main references for each Insight  For a full list of references for each insight, see Ospina et al. (under review) Ten New Insights in Climate Science 2025. Global Sustainability. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.17457864 Insight 1  Insight 2  Insight 3  Insight 4  Insight 5 Insight 6  Insight 7  Insight 8  Insight 9  Insight 10 

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2025 Resources for Media

Press release: Download Insight figures Preview of figures: Video overview of the Insights:

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2025 Acknowledgments

Acknowledgements The making of this report was led by Future Earth, The Earth League and the World Climate Research Programme.  We acknowledge the work of the following individuals in their respective capacities: EDITORIAL BOARD Ana Bastos – Leipzig University, GermanyWendy Broadgate – Future Earth Secretariat, SwedenMercedes Bustamante – University of Brasilia, BrazilDeliang Chen – Tsinghua […]

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Carbon credit markets – integrity challenges and emergent responses

Aerial view of dense tropical rainforest with patches of mist.

Safe scale-up of CO₂ removal is needed to tackle hard-to-abate emissions and climate risks

Hero image credit: Climeworks.

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Industrial direct air capture facility with large metal fans under cloudy sky. Credit: Climeworks.

Climate change–related labour productivity and income loss

Farm workers harvesting crops in a large strawberry field.

Observed and projected climate-driven increase in dengue

Close-up of a mosquito biting human skin.

Climate change is accelerating groundwater depletion

Climate change and biodiversity loss amplify each other’s impacts

Mechanism Description Complementarity effect In diverse communities, species differ in traits and resource use, allowing for more complete exploitation of available resources. This can enhance ecosystem functioning (e.g., primary productivity) through mechanisms such as niche partitioning and facilitation.  Selection effect In more diverse communities, the likelihood of including particularly productive or competitively dominant species increases. […]

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Leopard hidden among dense green leaves, looking toward the camera.

Accelerating sea surface warming and intensifying marine heatwaves

Aerial view of green algae bloom surrounding a pier and lighthouse.

Evidence, uncertainty, and questions around record warm years 2023/2024

Sunlight streaming through dramatic clouds in a blue sky.

Introduction

Global climate indicators continue to signal increasing cause for concern. In early 2025, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) confirmed that 2024 was the warmest year on record, with average temperatures reaching 1.55°C (± 0.13°C) above pre-industrial levels. While this is not yet a breach of the Paris Agreement goal to keep long-term global warming below +1.5°C, […]

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